Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the
Study
One of the more conservative and culture-based
countries in Asia is Japan. Also known as “The Land of the Rising
Sun,” Japan is a haven of culture and arts which makes this small country proud
of its heritage. Throughout its history, Japan had managed to
overcome various adversities by being resilient from internal and external variables. In
addition, the strong sense of nationalism among the Japanese paved way to an
onward development, which in turn, led to Japan’s rise to power.
Now one aspect that the Japanese values the most is
culture. Along with this are the various dominant traditions which
served as strict guidelines to them. These dictate how one must act
and live his life; hence, becoming major considerations for their way of
living.
In relation to this, a well-defined gender system is
implemented in Japan. Men and women are expected to play different
roles based on society’s standard. In a study by Ms. Kitamura Yuko
entitled, Gender Equality Dilemma in Japanese Society: How Traditional Idea s
Affect both Women and Men, she explained that;
In a nutshell, men assume an assertive role in daily
activities while women are more involved in child care” (http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Int/it1901/it190105.pdf).
This is a direct evidence of the existing strong
patriarchal system in their society.I have come across an article by Ms. Bell
Hooks entitled, Understanding Patriarchy. Ms. Hooks said that;
Patriarchy is a
political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating,
superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and
endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that
dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism and violence (http://imaginenoborders.org/pdf/zines/UnderstandingPatriarchy.pdf).
Patriarchal system is prevalent in almost all aspects
of Japanese society – family, community, work, etc. Ms. Meiko Makita
in her study, Gender Roles and Social Policy in an Ageing Society: The Case of
Japan further discussed that;
Traditionally, Japanese women have been encouraged and expected to take on care responsibilities, whilst men fulfil their role as breadwinners and providers of the needs of the family to ensure that the wellness of all (http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2010/v5/i1/a04/ijal10v5i1a04.pdf).
Such gender roles exist in Japan. Furthermore, this is an affirmation of how Japanese men and women still locate themselves in the household setup, at the least.But in the present time, this patriarchal system is challenged by the emergence of the gender group labelled as, “Herbivore Men” or “sôshokukei danshi” in Japanese language. I have encountered a paper by Ms. Christina Akiko Tamaru entitled, The Herbivorous Men of Japan: Negotiating New Masculinities. In her paper, Ms. Tamaru explained that;
The herbivore men
consist of young, heterosexual guys who are in their 20s-30s and choose not to
commit in any intimate or sexual relationships with the opposite sex. They
focus more on recreational and leisure activities and devote more time on their
hobbies instead of interacting with the opposite sex (https://dspace.lasrworks.org/bitstream/handle/10349/1172/Tamaru_CA.pdf?sequence=1).
These herbivores deviate from the traditional Japanese
males, who are, by virtue, upholding the salarymen stature. Further,
Ms. Emma Furbo Vig in her study, The Herbivore and the Salaryman: New and Old
Masculinities in Japanese Idol Productions explained that;
This type of man is
not interested in women and sex and does not wish to step in as a salaryman in
the Japanese business life, but would rather live a hedonistic life of
consumption and focus on his own hobbies and other activities he deems
important(http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=3358333&fileOId=3358341).
Now Mr. Masahiro Morioka’s research entitled, A
Phenomenological Study of Herbivore Men provided a thorough account of these
herbivores. His research focused on understanding the difference of
this new breed of males to traditional Japanese men. According to
Mr. Morioka;
From 2008 to 2009 the
phrase herbivore men was widely taken up by the mass media and in the process
its meaning was extended (http://www.academia.edu/4683156/A_Phenomenological_Study_of_Herbivore_Men_).
In his study, he also listed the general
characteristics that surfaced among his participants (herbivore men).
These traits are in direct contrast to the traditional
characteristics possessed by Japanese males. Masculinity in Japan
runs deep to its historical roots. Most Japanese men still believe
that their primary familial role is to provide economic support; thus, they do
not pay too much attention to their responsibility of participating in
childcare.
Moreover, Ms. Kitamura Yuko explained in her study,
Gender Equality Dilemma in Japanese Society: How Traditional Idea s Affect both
Women and Men that;
A number of Japanese
fathers ensure their masculinity at home and indulge less in housework because
they are overworked at their jobs, which are the usual characteristics of salaryman (http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Int/it1901/it190105.pdf).
Given the current condition that herbivore men face in
Japan, more and more scholars have become, and are still are, interested in
conducting various studies related to this gender group. These
conducted researches focused on the psychological aspect of these herbivores in
order to fully understand their cognitive stance. Some of these
researches centered on historical data to compare traditional Japanese and
herbivore men. However, other factors that resulted in the
transformation or shift in gender identity of Japanese males may have been
insufficiently considered, if not overlooked.
In this regard, this study will attempt to explain
this transformation with consideration to the economic, social, and
psychological areas of Japanese society. This research will also
identify the different factors present in the mentioned areas that greatly
influenced the said transformation.
B. Statement of the
Problem
What Factors caused the transformation that resulted
in Herbivore Men?
C. Significance of the
Study
Researchers,
Scholars, and Academic Practitioners. This study will be useful
as reference to future researches done in the academe regarding gender roles. Knowledge
derived from this paper may serve as foundation in the pursuit of understanding
about Japan’s Herbivore Men. Aside from this, this research will
contribute to the existing body of knowledge in relation to understanding
gender and sexuality, in particular.
Lawmakers and Law
Enforcers. In
essence, findings of this research may serve as basis for some lawmakers in
drawing up gender-sensitive rules and regulations intended to promote
individual welfare and development. Parallel to this, this research
may also be used as a reference for law enforcers to implement these rules and
regulations with utmost understanding of gender and sexuality; hence, ensuring
fairness and upholding justice.
Media Practitioners. In general, result of
this paper may influence media practitioners in how they portray men and women,
may it be in radio, TV, print, or social media. In this regard, this
study may be utilized to design a more gender-sensitive approach in media, as a
whole.
D. Scope and
Delimitation
This research only focused on the economic, gender,
and social factors that resolved in the transformation of gender identity in
herbivore men. Other factors, such as political influences, among
other related variables were not looked at in this research.
The study also focused on herbivore men alone. Other
breeds of men, in the present time, were not studied due to the concentration
of the paper’s overall theme.
Because of time constraints, only internet-based
resources have been used as reference in this paper. Bulk of these
references came from Japanese scholars with only a handful of western studies
included. Moreover, no interviews with actual members of sôshokukei
danshi were employed.
Furthermore, the research was not actually conducted
due to the purpose to which this paper is intended for; hence, no research
methodology is proposed.
E. Definition of Terms
1. Herbivore Men –
A type of man who is not interested in women and sex and does not wish to step
in as a salaryman in the Japanese business life, but would rather live a
hedonistic life of consumption and focus on his own hobbies.
2. Sôshokukei danshi – The
Japanese translation of Herbivore Men.
3. Salaryman – A symbol of
the ubiquitous everyman, the kigyo senshi or corporate warrior, without whom
the post-World War II economic miracle would not have been possible, and who
was (and still is) both the beneficiary and the victim of its fallouts.
4. Gender Identity –
Refers to “one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender.
5. Transformation – The
various factors/ aspects that this research utilized to explain the
transformation that resulted to the emergence of herbivore men. This
also encompasses the various aspects of the society that the researcher looked
into in order to explain the relevance of the herbivore men in Japanese
society.
· The Economic status
– Variables in Japan’s economic system, such as purchasing power and
employment, which were observed in this paper.
· Women’s Influence – Variables
present in Japanese females that were deemed influential to the emergence of
herbivore men.
· Japanese Society – Variables
in Japan’s social structure, such as family, peers, and media that were looked
observed in this paper.
Chapter 2
DISCUSSION
What factors caused the transformation that resulted
in Herbivore Men?
I. The Japanese
Herbivore Men
The sôshokukei
danshi or herbivore men are a group of young Japanese males who, in
general, deviate from the traditional standard of masculinity in Japan. These
herbivore men claim to be heterosexual despite the fact that they do not engage
in neither intimate nor sexual relationships with women. Instead,
these males focus on their hobbies and other leisure activities, such as video
games, fashion, manga, etc. which in turn, changes their perspective and
obedience in following the strict gender roles in Japan – men are seen as
carnivores (aggressive) while women as herbivores (passive). Moreover,
Japanese men follows the strict salaryman culture, which identifies their
duties and responsibilities in the society; thus, dictating how one must act.
And although the emergence of the sôshokukei danshi definitely
posed great threat to Japanese masculinity, some social groups have viewed
their existence as an added-value to the ever-changing time. For
them, these herbivores offered an alternative into the stiff social structure
of Japan. Not only that, some also considered the sôshokukei danshi as
the new beta males of Japan, which may be brought about by external factors no
longer controlled by the Japanese. In this regard, this section will
provide a thorough discussion with the various positive benefits that the
herbivore men provide to their society.
II. The Herbivores’
Significance
A. The Economic Status
One factor that may have led to the transformation of
herbivore men is Japan’s economic status. In Japan, males are
perceived as more important and representing compared to women, in terms of
labor force. The salaryman system has been the standard practice
among men since this structure played a vital role in reviving Japan’s
struggling economy.
Ms. Aulia Dwi Nastiti’s paper entitled, Redefining the
Concept of Counter Culture: Study Case of Soushokukei Danshii provided more
inputs to how herbivore men feel about the salaryman structure. According
to her;
Result of some
studies revealed that herbivore men are trying to refuse the conservative views
in some aspects. Soshokukei danshii show their dislike toward the
salary-man routines with overtime works and hierarchical occupation as
fundamentally unsatisfying, as simply a doorway to a monotonous life of small
rewards, so they prefer part-time jobs while pursuing and not compromising
their passions, dreams, and aspirations (http://www.academia.edu/7185200/Redefining_the_Concept_of_Counter_Culture_Study_Case_of_Soushoku_Danshii_Final_Paper_in_Counter_Culture_and_Arts_Course_).
In a nutshell, this affirmation simply explains why herbivore men came to be.In Japan, the purchasing power has been greatly attributed to the female force. Most women are expected to be housewives. And part of their activities includes grocery shopping and buying the needs of their children at school. Aside from this, women are also beauty conscious. This means that health and beauty products are commodities deemed as both a need and want for them. But with the emergence of the herbivore men, the trend differed.
In a nutshell, this affirmation simply explains why herbivore men came to be.In Japan, the purchasing power has been greatly attributed to the female force. Most women are expected to be housewives. And part of their activities includes grocery shopping and buying the needs of their children at school. Aside from this, women are also beauty conscious. This means that health and beauty products are commodities deemed as both a need and want for them. But with the emergence of the herbivore men, the trend differed.
I have come across an article by Mr. Brian Solsberg
entitled, The New Japanese Consumer. In this article, Mr. Solsberg
pointed out that;
After decades of
behaving differently, Japanese consumers suddenly look a lot like their
counterparts in Europe and the United States. Japanese consumers are
changing not only what they buy but also the manner on how they buy it. They
also prefer to spend time in malls (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer).
This may be anxiety-driven due to the fact that Japan
is in an economic downturn. In addition, Japanese are devoting more
time at work compared at home which may decrease their time for other
activities.Now in a study by Mr. Kyojiro Kagenuma entitled, Grass Fed 2:
Herbivore Men and Japan’s Troubling Economy, he discussed that;
The average Herbivore
man can earn 6 million Yen annually; after income tax, this would yield 3.6
million Yen or $36,000 net, which amounts to 300,000 Yen or $3000 monthly. Deduct
monthly cost of living at the outskirts of Tokyo, which is 120,000 Yen, the
Herbivore Man will still have a disposable income of 180,000 Yen, or $1800 -
about 5 times more disposable income than if he was married (http://mgtow.forumotion.com/t137-grass-fed-2-herbivore-men-and-japan-s-troubling-economy).
In simple terms, this means that these herbivores are
more capable than traditional men in terms of purchasing power. Since
the herbivore men also prioritize health and wellness, as they are very
conscious with the way they look, beauty products intended for men’s use are a
booming commodity in Japan. And based on Mr. Solsberg article, he
furthered stated that;
The emergence of a new generation with radically
different attitudes is another reason for the change in market priorities among
companies and suppliers (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer).
In support of this, Mr. Kagenuma still in his study,
Grass Fed 2: Herbivore Men and Japan’s Troubling Economy, further explained
that;
In fact, though
Japan's marketplace has traditionally catered to women, the Herbivore men are
becoming a growing consumer market in Japan with many products that are
specifically designed for them. If this trend continues, then we
should see a shift in purchasing power from women to men. What this
would do is create new products and services that are uniquely male-oriented, just
as video games had been uniquely male for the best part of 30 years (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer)
Now if this trend continues, then the sôshokukei danshi will
not just change how commercial companies think, but may also create economic
opportunities for people along the process. A simple economic logic:
if the demand over a certain good or service increases, then the supply should
increase as well. To do so, companies will have to increase
production, which means requiring more man-power that will most likely lead to
employment. The herbivore men have truly become major players as
consumers and in the process; help sustain the harmonious economic balance of
their country.
B. Women’s Influence
Another reason for the herbivores emergence may be
attributed to the opposite sex females.It could be said that men are not
only the ones who have undergone transformation. Just like the
males, Japanese women also reacted to the reversal of roles in their society. Since
herbivore men tend to act as passive, women transform into becoming the
aggressive ones. This paved way and opened a new dimension to the
female species as well. Moreover, this change brought positive
change into the way women live and feel.
I have come across an article by Prof. Jhana Bach
entitled, From Boxed-In Daughters to Carnivore Women: Using Gender Metaphors in
the Classroom. In this article, Prof. Bach discussed that;
The shift in
masculinity made famous by grass-eating men seems to have given rise to a
corresponding shift in femininity, engendering carnivore females, women who are
straightforward about getting what they want (http://www.academia.edu/2264598/From_Boxed-In_Daughters_to_Carnivore_
Women_Using_Gender_Metaphors_in_the_Classroom).
This implies that Japanese women have become assertive
in their own way, veering away from tradition like the herbivore men; hence,
becoming carnivore women.Prof. Bach also mentioned that;
A carnivore woman
pursues whatever she wants like a predator, whether it is sex or career
success. Carnivorous women are looked upon as 99.9% undesirable. These
ladies are interested in relationships, and are pro-active enough to go out and
seek them even without the approval of other people (http://www.academia.edu/2264598/From_Boxed-In_Daughters_to_Carnivore_
Women_Using_Gender_Metaphors_in_the_Classroom).
With this description, it can be said that the traits
of the conventional Japanese males and females have indeed reversed. However,
unlike the case of the herbivores, changes in Japanese women may have been
considered positive in their country. Women are now empowered to
make informed decisions, which in turn promote gender equality in Japan’s
society.Now emergence of carnivore women should not solely be
blamed to the herbivores, and vice-versa. Bear in mind that there is
a mutual influence of one gender group to the other that led to said
transformation.
C. Japanese Society
The last culprit for the emergence of herbivore men is
none other than the society itself. Unlike other Asian countries,
Japan’s society, which integrates culture and tradition, has a high regards to
the various norms and mores established since time immemorial. In
reality, these traditions are strictly observed and practiced even in the
present time. Moreover, these standards have become the guide for
the Japanese daily-to-day activities.
I have come across Mr. Meiko Makita’s study entitled,
Gender Roles and Social Policy in an Ageing Society: The Case of Japan. According
to Mr. Makita;
Traditionally,
Japanese women have been encouraged and expected to take on care
responsibilities, whilst men fulfill their role as breadwinners in the family (http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2010/v5/i1/a04/ijal10v5i1a04.pdf). In
a way, this stiff statement could be the main reason why herbivore men came to
be.ss
The salaryman structure, as discussed above, may also
be another social factor that greatly influenced the herbivore men. Since
salaryman is a dominant power player in the Japanese society, there would
always come a time that a certain external or internal force may challenge this. In
a study by Ms. Nastiti entitled, Redefining the Concept of Counter-culture:
Study Case of Soushoku Danshi Culture in Japanese Contemporary Society, she
thoroughly explained that;
Counter-culture
appeared to be the way to mark an oppositional position to a dominant power. A
countercultural movement is indicated by the expression of ethos, aspirations,
and dreams of a specific population during a well-defined era as mode of
resistance to social control exercised by the superior(http://www.academia.edu/7185200/Redefining_the_Concept_of_Counter_Culture_Study_Case_of_Soushoku_Danshii_Final_Paper_in_Counter_Culture_and_Arts_Course_).
With this kind of description, it could be said that
the existence of the herbivore men is an indirect way of Japanese males to
counter the prevalent and dominant salaryman. Moreover, an article
by Mr.Kyojiro Kagenuma entitled, Grass Fed – An Explanation of Herbivore
Culture is in direct support to Ms. Nastiti’s claim. Mr. Kagenuma
stated that;
The Herbivore Men is
a culture that rejects traditional Japanese way of life in favour of individual
happiness instead (http://www.goingyourownway.com/content.php?r=118-Grass-Fed-Herbivore-Men).
In a way, society is really the dictating factor with
regard to the emergence of the herbivore men. Society incorporates
both the inside and outside factors that may have been key to the said
transformation.
The sôshokukei danshi is
a unique gender group that may have been overly discriminated. Deviation
from social roles may be a form of social suicide but certainly does not equate
to negligence whatsoever. And although herbivore men are in direct
contrast to what traditional Japanese men stand for, their existence is vital
to their changing society.
III.Conclusion
In a nutshell the three factors mentioned above are
the dominant areas which truly affected and resulted to the transformation of
herbivore men. However, it should be noted that these are not the only
factors that one must consider in dealing with this unique sex group.
Findings of this research showed that the Japanese
salaryman system had aa huge impact as to why sôshokukei danshi came to
be. The deviation from this social structure was seen as a form of
alternative for the herbivore men to truly express themselves. In turn,
they were able to focus their attention to other things, such as purchasing and
shopping, among other economic activities which made them one of the growing
consumers in the market.
Results of this paper clearly showed how the female
sex group impacted the emergence of the herbivore men. The mutual
influence of these two groups with one another, in the changing time, played an
important role in the reformation of ideologies and practice in Japan.
Furthermore, this research had noted that emergence of the empowered Japanese
women should not be genuinely attributed to the herbivore men, and vice-versa.
The findings of this research also discovered that Japanese
society itself could be considered as the main culprit for the transformation
that resulted in sôshokukei danshi. The strict culture and tradition of
Japan may have been the pivotal factor as to why Japanese men opt to find
alternative way of living. Moreover, this research also recognized that
external factors beyond the control of the Japanese society may have also
triggered and influence the transformation among herbivore men.
Chapter 3
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
This paper attempted to determine the factors which
caused the transformation that resulted in Herbivore Men. This
research employed a descriptive analysis in order to resurface relevant
information and data regarding the Sôshokukei
danshi. Through this, the researcher was able to answer the research
question. The findings of this study are the following:
1. Japan’s overall
economic status was seen as a major factor for the emergence of the herbivore
men. The salaryman system among Japanese males was identified as a
pivotal aspect to the herbivore’s choice of living. Moreover, it was
noted that this unique gender group (herbivore men) is becoming a power player
in commercial markets; thus, concretizing their role in Japan’s economy.
2. Herbivore men
were also influenced by the opposite sex. The reversal of roles
paved way to choice, which then led to the assertiveness of women with regard
to what they want. And with this, the choice of men veered away from
tradition. They also pursued what they think is best for them.
3. The strong and
strict culture and tradition of Japan is the ultimate factor for the
transformation/ emergence of the herbivore men. Herbivore men
deviate from the gender roles because of internal and external aspects beyond
the control of their society. It could even be said that herbivore
men rejects traditional Japanese way to make way for their own happiness.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the following
conclusions are made:
1. The factors
which influenced the existence of herbivore men are attributed to economy,
gender, and society. These three (3) areas are all interconnected
and compliment one another as determinants to the way herbivore men make
choices, acts in the society, and live in general.
2. In understanding
herbivore men, it is important to understand that they reject and resist
Japanese tradition, most especially the salaryman system. In this
way, one will readily know that herbivore men are different, in almost all
aspects (e.g., masculinity), from conventional men.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After drawing the conclusions of the study, the
researcher makes the following suggestions/ recommendations:
1. Since the
research only looked at economic, gender, and social factors in understanding
the emergence of the herbivore men, it is strongly encouraged to look at other
areas, such as politics, in studying this unique gender group.
2. The study was very
descriptive in nature; therefore, the researcher recommends utilizing other
forms of analysis in studying the herbivore men. A good way would be
to compare other gender groups, within or outside the Japanese context, to the sôshokukei danshi.
3. Since time is an
essential factor in research, the researcher suggests allotting more time to
prepare the study. In addition, the study would be more
comprehensive if actual conduct was done, such as in-depth interviews to
members of this gender group.
4. In terms of
resources, the researcher recommends using other form of reference materials
(e.g., books, journal articles, etc.) to cull more credible information with
regard to the topic being studied.
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